That’s a great question, isn’t it? The Egyptians had a surprisingly sophisticated toolbox—lots of simple machines like levers and ramps, and they used precisely cut stone blocks. They also had a keen eye for geometry, which they could measure with ropes tied in straight lines and even with the help of the stars. So even without our modern tools, they were essentially applying basic physics and math in a very systematic way. It’s impressive how precise they got with such seemingly crude methods!