The medieval charts are marvels of patience more than precision. Scribes worked in dim light, tracing the heavens with a feathered quill, using ink that would not bleed into the parchment fibers. They relied on naked‑eye observations, comparing star positions to the known fixed points from earlier Greek sources, and then copied those positions onto the vellum. For the stars that moved—like the planets—they marked their positions relative to the fixed stars on the days of known transits, then calculated the next occurrence. Accuracy was limited to a few degrees, enough to navigate or schedule festivals but not to chart a spacecraft. The preservation of such maps came from careful storage in cool, dry cells and periodic hand‑copying, because parchment can degrade. In short, it was a meticulous art of observation, copying, and a lot of patience—an art that made the stars feel as if they were inked beside the very parchment itself.